查看“任务管理器”的源代码

{{Infobox Windows component
|name=任务管理器
|type=utility
|introduced in=[[Windows NT 4.0 Build 1273.1]]
|exe = <code>taskmgr.exe</code>
|logo=26040-NewTMIcon.png
|screenshot=Windows11-10.0.26100.1000-TaskMgr.png
|caption=[[Windows 11 v24H2|Windows 11 2024 更新]]中的任务管理器
}}
任务管理器是一个实用程序，用于监控 [[早期 Windows NT|Windows NT]] 操作系统上运行的应用程序和系统资源使用情况，以及关闭无响应的任务。

可以通过按 {{key press|Ctrl|⇧ Shift|Esc}} 打开它。它也可以从按 {{key press|Ctrl|Alt|Del}} 后显示的 Windows 安全屏幕访问，尽管击键会立即在 [[Windows XP]] 上打开此工具并启用新的登录屏幕。根据操作系统版本，任务栏上下文菜单或 {{key press|⊞ Win|X}} 菜单还包含打开实用程序的命令。

在当前形式中，它已在 [[Windows NT 4.0]] 中引入，其中它取代了提供类似功能的多个工具。此应用程序最初是由 Microsoft 开发人员 Dave Plummer 作为业余项目编写的，后来在其他同事的鼓励下，他将此功能贡献给了核心操作系统。但是，早期的 Windows NT 版本以及基于 DOS 的 [[Windows 3.0]] 及更高版本也包括类似的工具，例如任务列表，并且一些早期的实现包含在内部开发工具（如进程资源管理器）中。

== History ==
=== Predecessors ===
[[File:Win3.1-TaskMan.png|thumb|Task List in [[Windows 3.1]]]]
A simple utility called Task List (<code>taskman.exe</code>) was first introduced with Windows 3.0 and could be invoked by double-clicking the desktop. It consisted of a simple list of open windows and several buttons underneath, which allowed the user to rearrange the windows, end a task or close the tool. However, it couldn't be used to kill a frozen task due to the nature of cooperative multitasking.

In [[Windows 3.1]], the ability to press {{key press|Ctrl|Alt|Del}} to kill unresponsive tasks was added. It required the system to operate in the 386 Enhanced mode, as it relied on the virtual machine manager to handle the keystroke. Upon pressing the keys, Windows determined whether there was any stuck task and then displayed a full screen prompt that allowed the user to kill such task, return back to Windows or press the key stroke again to reboot the computer. The feature uses the same user interface as a [[blue screen of death]], which has lead to the screen often being confused for one. The message shown when there is no unresponsive task to be killed was written by Steve Ballmer.

The Task List was also ported to [[Windows NT 3.1]], where it gained the ability to run new tasks by the means of a new text box above the original buttons. Similarly to its DOS-based counterpart, users could also press {{key press|Ctrl|Alt|Del}} to kill a frozen task, although pressing the keystroke showed a Windows Security prompt, which included an option to show the Task List. It was replaced by Task Manager in Windows NT 4.0, although the original executable was still included with the operating system all the way until [[Windows XP]] Service Pack 1.

A more advanced processing program is "Process Viewer" (or "PView"), which is included in both the SDK and the Resource Kits of Windows NT 3.1, [[Windows NT 3.5x|3.5x]] and [[Windows NT 4.0|4.0]]. Just like the later Task Manager, it can set priorities to tasks and kill them, but a major upsize is the ability of listing processes of remote computers.

During the development of [[Windows 95]], the Task List was redesigned from scratch and renamed to Tasks. The windows were now shown using horizonally stacked push buttons with the icon and name, similar to the later introduced [[taskbar]]. The action buttons were replaced by menus on top of the window, which also included the option to launch a new task or to exit Windows. Similarly to earlier versions, it could be invoked by double clicking the desktop, although it is not compatible with the [[File Explorer|Windows Explorer]] and only works if it's not running.

Windows 95 also updated the {{key press|Ctrl|Alt|Del}} interface for killing unresponsive tasks. Pressing the keystroke now opened the Close Program window, which was reminiscent of the previous Task List design with a simple list view of tasks and three buttons, as well as a label that warned the user that pressing the key stroke again will reboot the computer.

=== Original version ===
The utility was implemented into the Windows NT systems starting with [[Windows NT 4.0]]. Since then, it hasn't seen many changes. Windows XP's Task Manager includes a "Shut Down" menu on the menu bar on some circumstances, having the option to lock the computer/workstation, shut down or restart it or set it into hibernation or sleep mode, as well as log off the current user. Used memory is also now displayed in MB instead of KB.

=== Windows 8 ===
Task Manager gained a massive overhaul with [[Windows 8]], resulting in source code substantial rewrite: thus, Task Manager have been outed from C functionality and started to use C++'s standard library for basic data handling, the graphical part now uses [[DirectUI]] for building specific parts of interface, such as enhanced tables of processes and performance graphs. Also program now uses Windows Runtime API to fetch results of functions.

Also, some options were moved or renamed. For example, the Processes tab is now named Details and has been moved to the end of the tab selection and the Application tab is now named Processes. It comes also with a simplified version of itself, which only shows running tasks (without [[File Explorer|Windows Explorer]]) and can be expanded to the normal Task Manager with the "More details" option located in the bottom left of the window. It also gained a new option to restart Windows Explorer (when shown on the Processes tab) by selecting the "Restart" button on the bottom right of the window (which is normally an "End Task" button) or right-clicking on Windows Explorer and selecting the Restart option.

During development of Windows 8, in Milestone 1, the app was called "Modern Windows Task Manager" and was very poor in terms of functionality since the performance tabs were stored in a separate app called "Advanced Task Manager", which has been renamed in Milestone 2 to "Performance Dashboard". The latter eventually merged into the now-named "Windows Task Manager" in Milestone 3.

The new Task Manager also introduced the Startup tab, which shows apps and services starting automatically with Windows, with the option to disable these. Task Manager inherited this option from the System Configuration tool (<code>msconfig.exe</code>).

Despite the changes introduced with Windows 8, [[Windows Preinstallation Environment|Windows PE]] and [[Windows Recovery Environment|Windows RE]] still include the older Task Manager.

=== Windows 10 ===
The application does not change much since [[Windows 8]], with the  [[Windows 10 October 2020 Update|October 2020 update]] adding an option to show the utilization and temperature of the GPU. [[Windows 10 build 21364.1|Build 21364]] introduced an experimental Eco mode feature that throttles the usage of system resources on specific processes (later removed in [[Windows 10 build 21387 (co_release)|build 21387]]). With the release of [[Windows 10 build 21390.1|build 21390]], the icon has been updated to match with the newly introduced Fluent design language.

In [[Windows 10 build 20152.1000|build 20152.1000]], Task Manager has a bug with a chance of showing a CPU speed of 0.00 GHz on the Performance tab or show abnormally high values.

=== Windows 11 ===
The application itself again does not change much on [[Windows 11 (original release)|the original release]], with only the ability to show processes of [[Microsoft Edge]] more detailed being added, as it now also shows tasks of opened tabs and extensions.

With the introduction of [[Windows 11 build 22538|build 22538]], Task Manager has undergone a major refresh of the application with a theme-aware user interface (based on WinUI framework), so as to align with the design aesthetics of [[Windows 11]], although unfinished. The tab control was replaced by a hamburger menu, while all of its settings, previously available in the Options menu, were moved to a separate "Settings" page and a placeholder header was added on all pages. It was later finalized and rolled out to the public alongside with the reintroduction of the experimental Eco mode first spotted in [[Windows 10 build 21364.1]] (as Efficiency mode) with the release of [[Windows 11 build 22557|build 22557]]. 

With the release of [[Windows 11 build 22610|build 22610]], the ability to show colors in the heatmap based on users' accent color in the Processes, App history and Users pages has been added. Since [[Windows 11 build 26040|build 26040]], the icon has been updated, replacing the old icon previously introduced in [[Windows 10 build 21390.1]].

==Features==
=== Basic features ===
The Task Manager is intended to be used to close non-responsive tasks or execute new tasks by selecting File → "New task (Run...)" (until Windows 7) or "Run new task" (since Windows 8), which launches a window similar to the Run dialog invoked by {{key press|⊞ Win|R}}, but with an extra option to run the task as an administrator. When the dialog is invoked on the built-in Administrator or the hidden SYSTEM account or in [[safe mode]], it displays a message that the task will be run as an administrator, instead of the optional checkbox.

=== Checking performance ===
The Task Manager can also be used for checking performance. When selecting the Performance tab, it shows the utilization and amount of CPU, RAM, plugged disk drives, GPU and the current Internet connection.

=== Managing startup apps ===
This feature is only available on [[Windows 8]] and later. When selecting the Startup tab, it shows the current apps that can be configured to run on startup. The user can either enable or disable them. Additionally, items that are placed in the Startup folder will also appear in this page.

=== Monitoring users ===
On the Users tab, it shows all currently available user accounts. It can also sign them off or disconnect when they are currently signed on.

=== Managing services ===
This feature is partially inherited from the Services MMC snap-in. When selecting the Services tab, a list of currently installed services will show up. The user can start, stop or restart services from there.

=== Other ===
When selecting Options → "Always on top" it overlays itself over all running windows, even when a new window has been launched. On some circumstances, this option is already enabled.

When Task Manager is running, an icon appears in the system tray. Clicking on it will switch Task Manager to the Performance tab.

==Gallery==
===Unresponsive Task (386)===
<gallery>
Windows31-3.1.043e-CtrlAltDelWarning.png|Task Manager warning in [[Windows 3.1 build 043e]]
Windows31Build68TaskManWarning.PNG|Task Manager warning in [[Windows 3.1 build 068]]
Windows31-RTM-TaskManagerWarning.png|Task Manager warning in [[Windows 3.1]]
</gallery>
===Tasks===
<gallery>
20200730-092525-843.png|Tasks in [[Windows 95 build 73f]]
</gallery>
===Close Program===
<gallery>
File:Windows95-4.0.89e-TaskManager.png|Close Hung Application in [[Windows 95 build 89e]]
Windows95-4.0.180-TaskManager.png|Close Program in [[Windows 95 build 180]]
</gallery>

===Task Manager===
<gallery>
WindowsNT4-4.0.1130-TaskManager.png|Task Manager in [[Windows NT 4.0 build 1130]]
WindowsNT4.0-taskmanager.PNG|Task Manager in [[Windows NT 4.0 build 1381|Windows NT 4.0 RTM]]
Win2K taskmgr.png|Task Manager in [[Windows 2000]]
Whistler2416 taskmgr.png|Task Manager in [[Windows XP build 2416]]
WinXP taskmgr.PNG|Task Manager in [[Windows XP]]
5219 taskmgr.png|Task Manager in [[Windows Vista build 5219 (winmain_idx02.050830-2010)|Windows Vista build 5219]]
WindowsVista-TaskManager.png|Task Manager in [[Windows Vista build 6000.16386|Windows Vista RTM]]
7850-Taskmgr1.png|An early version of the redesigned Task Manager in [[Windows 8 build 7850]]
7927-TaskUI.png|Task Manager in [[Windows 8 build 7927]]
7927-AdvancedTaskUI.png|Performance Dashboard in Windows 8 build 7927, which later merged into Task Manager
7997 Modern Taskmgr.png|Task Manager with the merged Performance Dashboard in [[Windows 8 build 7997]]
8032-TaskManager.png|Task Manager and About dialog in [[Windows 8 build 8032]]
18898-TaskManager-DiskPerformance.png|Task Manager in [[Windows 10 build 18898]]
Windows11-LegacyTaskManager.png|Task Manager in [[Windows 11 (original release)]]
Windows11-10.0.22538.1000-Taskmgr-Processes.png|Task Manager in [[Windows 11 build 22538.1000|Windows 11 build 22538]]
Windows11-10.0.22557.1-Taskmgr-Processes.png|Task Manager in [[Windows 11 build 22557]]
Windows11-10.0.22557.1-Taskmgr-Processes-Dark.png|Task Manager in Windows 11 build 22557 (dark mode)
Windows11-10.0.22610.1-TaskManager.webp|Task Manager in [[Windows 11 build 22610]] (light mode)
Windows11-10.0.22610.1-TaskManagerDark.webp|Task Manager in Windows 11 build 22610 (dark mode)
Windows11-10.0.26100.1000-TaskMgrDark.png|Task Manager in [[Windows 11 2024 Update]] (dark mode)
</gallery>

=== Icon ===
<gallery>
File:Icon1.png|[[Windows XP]] and earlier
File:Icon9.png|[[Windows Vista]] and [[Windows 7]]
File:Icon1368.png|Placeholder icon (used in early development builds of [[Windows 8]])
File:TASKMGR-OlderIcon.png|[[Windows 8]], [[Windows 8.1]] and [[Windows 10]] (pre-[[Windows 10 build 21390.1|21390]])
File:Taskmgr-task-manager-fluent-modern-icon.png|[[Windows 11]] (pre-[[Windows 11 build 26040|26040]])
</gallery>

[[分类:在 Windows NT 4.0 中推出]][[分类:Windows 组件]][[分类:组件与应用]]