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| '''MS-DOS''' (Microsoft Disk Operating System) is a monolithic singletasking operating system developed by [[w:Microsoft|Microsoft]] between 1980 and 2000 for [[w:x86|x86]]-based personal computers. It was the ''de facto'' industry standard environment on the IBM PC and its clones, although it also shipped with other x86-based computers that were incompatible with IBM.
| | Microsoft Disk Operating System（Microsoft 磁盘操作系统），通常简称为 MS-DOS，是 Microsoft 在 1980 年至 2000 年间针对基于 x86 的个人计算机开发的单体单任务操作系统。它是 IBM PC 及其克隆版本上事实上（''de facto''{{efn|土耳其语“事实上”}}）的行业标准环境，尽管它也发货了其他与 IBM 不兼容的基于 x86 的计算机。 |
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| By default, MS-DOS is driven by a command line interface – the <code>A></code> or <code>C:\></code> prompt shown when the command processor is ready to accept input ultimately became one of the unofficial symbols of DOS. Several software vendors have developed programs that add a more friendly user interface to manage files and launch other programs. Microsoft itself included such a program, the [[MS-DOS Shell]], with some versions of MS-DOS.
| | 默认情况下，MS-DOS 由命令行界面驱动——当命令处理器准备好接受输入时显示的 <code>A></code> 或 <code>C:\></code> 提示符最终成为 DOS 的非官方符号之一。一些软件供应商开发了一些添加了更友好的用户界面来管理文件和启动其他程序的应用程序。Microsoft 本身在一些版本的 MS-DOS 中包括了形如 [[MS-DOS Shell]] 这样的程序。 |
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| There is very limited support for running multiple programs simultaneously in MS-DOS. The operating system allows a program to terminate and stay resident (TSR), meaning that a portion of the program's code can stay present in memory and be triggered by an API call or a hardware interrupt even after the base program exits. A proper [[Multitasking MS-DOS 4|multitasking version]] of MS-DOS was produced in 1986, however, it only shipped to a limited number of OEMs and eventually evolved into [[OS/2]].
| | 在 MS-DOS 中同时运行多个程序的支持非常有限。操作系统允许程序终止并保持驻留（Terminate and Stay Resident，TSR），这意味着程序代码的一部分可以保留在内存中，并由 API 调用或硬件中断触发，即使在基本程序退出后也是如此。1986 年生产了适当的 MS-DOS [[多任务 MS-DOS 4|多任务版本]]，但是，它只发布给有限数量的 OEM，并最终演变为 [[OS/2]]。 |
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| Originally, MS-DOS was not available directly in retail, and was instead distributed by OEMs who licensed it from Microsoft. The manufacturer would receive an OEM Adaptation Kit, which would then be used to build a custom version of MS-DOS with support for a specific machine. However, as the market settled on close to 100% IBM-compatible clones, Microsoft ultimately started offering a generic IBM-compatible version of MS-DOS. At first, the generic version was still distributed by the OEMs who bulk-ordered it from Microsoft, although eventually Microsoft started selling MS-DOS directly in retail starting with [[MS-DOS 5]].
| | 最初，MS-DOS 不直接零售，而是由从 Microsoft 获得许可的 OEM 分发。制造商将收到一个 OEM 适配工具包，然后用于构建支持特定机器的 MS-DOS 的自定义版本。然而，随着市场稳定在接近 100% 的 IBM 兼容克隆上，Microsoft 最终开始提供通用的 IBM 兼容版本的 MS-DOS。起初，通用版本仍然由从 Microsoft 批量订购的 OEM 分发，尽管最终 Microsoft 从 [[MS-DOS 5]] 开始直接零售 MS-DOS。 |
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| The standalone MS-DOS product was eventually discontinued with the release of [[Windows 95]], which [[MS-DOS in Windows 9x|integrated]] MS-DOS into [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] itself in a move that was the subject of a major lawsuit from Caldera, the developer of the competing [[DR-DOS]] operating system. The last version, MS-DOS 8, was released in 2000 as a part of [[Windows Me]].
| | 独立的 MS-DOS 产品最终随着 [[Windows 95]] 的发布而停止，Windows 95 将 MS-DOS [[MS-DOS in Windows 9x|集成]]到 [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] 本身中，此举成为竞争对手 [[DR-DOS]] 操作系统的开发商 Caldera 的重大诉讼的主题。最后一个版本 MS-DOS 8 于 2000 年作为 [[Windows Me]] 的一部分发布。 |
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| A port of the 16-bit MS-DOS was made for 8-bit MSX computers known as [[MSX-DOS]]. MSX-DOS is based on the MS-DOS 1.25 kernel and uses the same filesystem.
| | 16 位 MS-DOS 的端口是针对 8 位 MSX 计算机设计的，称为 [[MSX-DOS]]。MSX-DOS 基于 MS-DOS 1.25 内核，并使用相同的文件系统。 |
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| == 体系结构 == | | == 体系结构 == |